Contact

Heidi Gorovitz Robertson, J.D., LL.M, J.S.D.

Email Address:
h.robertson@csuohio.edu
Office Location:
LB 130
Office Hours:
By appointment; schedule with Bookings

Course Description

Property Law involves the study of the creation and allocation of rights to resources in varied forms. These resources include real property (land and things permanently attached to land such as houses or other structures). Property law also addresses rights to tangible personal property (such as books or furniture) and intangible personal property (such as author or investor's rights to control use of his creation, or shares in a company.) The major goal of the course is to familiarize students with the foundations and norms of both historic Property Law formulations and contemporary Property Law concepts.

Prerequisites/Corequisites: None

Credit Hours: 4

Course Structure

This is an online course. Online courses create a unique opportunity to enhance student-to-student and faculty-to-student communication. They also enable student-centered teaching approaches and provide 24/7 accessibility to course materials. Within an online course, students are provided with learning materials that facilitate knowledge acquisition before coming to synchronous sessions so they can apply what they have learned as active learners.

Drop/Withdraw Dates

Course withdrawals are the responsibility of the student. The CSU Law School academic calendar lists the dates by which a student can successfully withdraw from a course.

Voluntary withdrawal from a one-semester class is generally permitted at any time prior to the beginning of the fifth week of classes. Review Academic Regulation 3.1 of the Student Handbook to determine your status and contact the Office of Student and Career Services. It is also extremely important to be mindful of any financial impact by contacting CSU’s All-in-1 team and reviewing the CSU refund policy provided by the Bursar’s Office.

Program Learning Outcomes

To help all graduates achieve a high level of readiness post-graduation, all courses in the CSU J.D. program are organized around four essential building blocks.

Four Essential Building Blocks
Building Block Explanation
Knowledge and Understanding

Knowledge and understanding of substantive and procedural law

  1. Understand and apply identified core legal concepts in all required courses.
  2. Understand the processes by which the law develops and changes.
  3. Understand the processes by which legal rights and duties are enforced.
Analysis, Research, Problem-solving, and Communication

Legal analysis and reasoning, legal research, problem-solving, and written and oral communication in the legal context

Legal analysis

  1. Apply all relevant legal rules to specific factual situations and appropriately predict legal outcomes by identifying legal issues and assessing the validity of legal arguments.
  2. Connect legal concepts across the curriculum.
  3. Identify, articulate, and explain legal rules.

Legal research

  1. Understand the similarities, differences, and interrelationships among and between United States federal, state, and local legal systems.
  2. Find, categorize, evaluate, and distinguish sources of legal authority.
  3. Construct and implement efficient, cost-effective research strategies, including demonstrating an understanding of the importance of confirming and validating the information obtained.
  4. Critically evaluate the quality of the legal information consulted and apply information effectively and ethically to resolve a specific issue or need.

Problem-solving

  1. Develop a reasoned analytical framework for identifying and resolving problems.
  2. Solve problems by and through collaboration with colleagues in a professional setting.
  3. Recognize client goals and relevant facts, including ethical and societal issues that affect problem-solving, and financial, commercial, and personal constraints on clients.
  4. Use relevant facts, client goals, and law to identify solutions to client problems and advise clients on the merits and risks of each potential solution.
  5. Prioritize tasks and assess time requirements to solve client and professional problems within time and financial restraints.

Written and oral communication in a professional context

  1. Demonstrate written communication at a professional level, appropriate to the context.
  2. Demonstrate oral communication at a professional level, appropriate to the context.
  3. Communicate legal analysis to different audiences for different purposes.
  4. Draft objective, persuasive, and transactional documents.
Professional and Ethical Responsibilities

Exercise of proper professional and ethical responsibilities to clients and the legal system

  1. Identify, analyze, and resolve ethical dilemmas in clinical or simulated practice settings.
  2. Demonstrate professionalism in all aspects of legal work.
  3. Understand the role of the lawyer in civil society.
Professional Skills

Other professional skills needed for competent and ethical participation as a member of the legal profession

  1. Plan and implement strategies to move cases, transactions, and client matters forward.
  2. Seek and receive professional feedback.
  3. Recognize personal and professional strengths and weaknesses based upon self-reflection.
  4. Interact effectively and sensitively with clients, colleagues, and others from varied backgrounds.
  5. Transfer lessons and skills learned in one context to another.
  6. Understand the need to strategically build professional networks to help meet personal, client, and professional challenges.
  7. Promote improvement of the law and legal institutions.

Course Learning Outcomes

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

  1. Identify, explain, and apply the various rights of property owners and the limitations on those rights.
  2. Identify, explain, and apply the rights that nonowners have in property owned by others.
  3. Identify circumstances in which nonowners can gain ownership of property and why these rights exist.
  4. Explain the nuances of estate law and apply them to real cases.
  5. Differentiate between rights granted by ownership and by lease.
  6. Provide legal analysis of property cases both orally and in writing.
  7. Prepare well-written and well-structured legal analysis of property law.
  8. Connect legal principles between different areas of property law.
  9. Synthesize and apply legal concepts from property cases to new legal scenarios.

Texts and Other Materials

Required Reading

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
  • Rᴀʏᴍᴏɴᴅ R. Cᴏʟᴇᴛᴛᴀ, Wᴏʀᴋʙᴏᴏᴋ ᴏɴ Esᴛᴀᴛᴇs ᴀɴᴅ Fᴜᴛᴜʀᴇ Iɴᴛᴇʀᴇsᴛs (3rd ed. 2013).
  • All other required documents, articles, and videos will be provided in your Blackboard Ultra online course.

Additional Resources

  • Rɪᴄʜᴀʀᴅ C. Wʏᴅɪᴄᴋ & Aᴍʏ E. Sʟᴏᴀɴ, Pʟᴀɪɴ Eɴɢʟɪsʜ ғᴏʀ Lᴀᴡʏᴇʀs (7th ed. 2024).

Blackboard Ultra

Blackboard Ultra is the learning management system (LMS) that we will use throughout this course for class announcements, lectures, documents, assignments, and online discussions. Students should visit the course Blackboard Ultra site daily for important information concerning the course. Blackboard Ultra also allows students to track how well they are satisfying the requirements of the course.

  • Please note that the grade appearing in the LMS may not be reflective of a student’s official final grade.

Communication Policy

Faculty generally strive to respond to individual messages within 24 hours of receipt (or up to 48 hours during weekends). Communication with faculty should be done by email or by setting up an appointment in Bookings (see the Contact section).

Live Synchronous Sessions

Each course will have required synchronous meeting times throughout the semester. Dates and times are listed in the Course Schedule section of this syllabus as well as in Module 00 of the course. It is expected that students attend and actively participate in synchronous sessions. Attendance and participation in synchronous sessions enhance learning and provide an opportunity for interaction with peers and the course instructor.

Course Assessments

Grades will be based primarily on midterm and final exams, but will also rely on participation, assignments, discussions, and activities.

Select each tab for more information.

Attendance, Participation, and Preparedness

Endeavor to be well-prepared to participate fully in class. This means that you have read the assigned material, have given the material thought, and are prepared for activities and assignments associated with it. In the case of live sessions, ensure that you have engaged in the material thoroughly enough to productively contribute to the session. Contact your instructor immediately if you believe you cannot be prepared for active participation in a live session. Otherwise, it will be assumed that you are completely prepared and willing/able to participate when called upon to do so.

Attendance, participation, and preparedness accounts for 10% of the final course grade.

Assignments and Discussions

Most of the written work you do in this course will not be submitted or graded, but there are some more substantive assignments and discussions you will need to complete thoughout the modules. These assignments are designed to enrich your understanding of key aspects of property law.

Assignments and discussions account for 15% of the final course grade.

Midterm Exam 1

One important and challenging aspect of property law is estates, covered in Modules 04 and 05. After you complete the estate law modules, you will have your first midterm, devoted entirely to estates.

Midterm Exam 1 accounts for 10% of the final course grade.

Midterm Exam 2

Around the middle of the term, you will have your second midterm exam, which will cover all material up to that point, excluding estates.

Midterm Exam 2 accounts for 15% of the final course grade.

Final Exam

At the end of the course, you will take an exam that tests your understanding of the themes, concepts, and topics presented across the whole course. Matter tackled on the midterm exams may also appear on the final exam.

The final exam accounts for 50% of the final course grade.

Assignment and Assessment Rubrics

All grading rubrics and details can be found within the specific assignment, discussion, activity, or exam they are connected to within the Blackboard Ultra online course.

Late Assignment Policy

Late work will not be accepted except in extraordinary circumstances and with prior permission.

Missed Exam Policy

Unless the student obtains advance permission from the Dean to take a scheduled examination at another time, any student who fails to take and complete an examination by the due date shall receive a grade of “F” for that examination or, if the examination is graded numerically, a zero for that examination. Permission to take an examination at a different time will be granted only upon a showing of good cause.

A professor shall have discretion to stipulate that failure to take an examination in the course shall constitute a failure to complete the requirements of the course and shall result in a final grade of “F” being awarded for the course.

Adapted from Academic Regulation 3.6 in the CSU College of Law School Student Handbook.

University Statements

Select each tab for more information.

Course Schedule

All course content is available in Blackboard Ultra. Each module of the course runs from Monday (Day 1) through Sunday (Day 7). See the Course Calendar for specific due dates. You are responsible for keeping track of due dates and submitting assignments and participating in discussions on time.

Select each tab for more information.

Module 00: Course Overview and Essentials

Readings

  • Course syllabus
  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Section 1.A: Why Recognize Property? (pp. 1–14)

Orientation Materials

  • About Your Instructor
  • Meet Your Student Experience Online Coach (SEOC)
  • Navigating Your Course
  • Course Information
  • Grading Guidelines
  • Synchronous Session Information
  • Robertson’s Rules
  • How to Analyze Cases

Lessons

  • Lesson 0.1: Orientation Materials
  • Lesson 0.2: Five Theories of Property
  • Lesson 0.3: The Fox

Assignments and Activities

  • Discussion 0.1: Who Owns the Fish?
  • Activity 0.1: End-of-Module Survey
Module 01: The Concept of Property

Readings and Instructional Materials

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Section 1.B: What Is Property? (pp. 24–26, 46–88)

Lessons

  • Lesson 1.1: Right to Exclude—Jacque v. Steenberg Homes
  • Lesson 1.1: Right to Exclude—State v. Shack
  • Lesson 1.1: Right to Use—Sundowner Inc. v. King
  • Lesson 1.1: Right to Use—Prah v. Maretti
  • Lesson 1.1: Right to Destroy—Eyerman v. Mercantile Trust Co.

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 1.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Synchronous Session 1.1: Meeting Information
  • Discussion 1.1: Interpreting State v. Shack (Group)
  • Quiz 1.1: Bundle of Sticks
  • Activity 1.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 02: Owning Real Property

Readings and Instructional Materials

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 2: Owning Real Property (pp. 90–99, 105–07, 117–26)

Lessons

  • Lesson 2.1: What Is Adverse Possession?
  • Lesson 2.2: Elements of Adverse Possession—Gurwit v. Kannatzer
  • Lesson 2.3: Proving Adverse Possession—Howard v. Kunto

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 2.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Assignment 2.1: Adverse Possession
  • Quiz 2.1: Adverse Possession
  • Activity 2.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 03: Owning Personal Property

Readings and Instructional Materials

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 1: The Concept of Property (pp. 8–14)
    • Chapter 3: Owning Personal Property (pp. 153–78, 183–84, 214)

Lessons

  • Lesson 3.1: Rule of Capture
  • Lesson 3.2: Finders

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 3.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Quiz 3.1: Rule of Capture and Law of Finders
  • Activity 3.2: Practice Exam (Required)
  • Activity 3.3: End-of-Module Survey
Module 04: Estates in Land and Future Interests

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 5: Estates and Future Interests (pp. 296–306, 312, 317–22, 332–44)
  • Rᴀʏᴍᴏɴᴅ R. Cᴏʟᴇᴛᴛᴀ, Wᴏʀᴋʙᴏᴏᴋ ᴏɴ Esᴛᴀᴛᴇs ᴀɴᴅ Fᴜᴛᴜʀᴇ Iɴᴛᴇʀᴇsᴛs (3rd ed. 2013).
    • Introduction (pp. 3–13)
    • Present Possessory Estates (pp. 17–98)
    • Future Interests in Transferees (pp. 99–150)

Lessons

  • Lesson 4.1: Basic Estates and Modifications
  • Lesson 4.2: Future Interests
  • Lesson 4.3: Estate Classification Reference Tables

Assignments and Activities

  • Synchronous Session 4.1: Meeting Information
  • Activity 4.1: Basic Estates Practice
  • Activity 4.2: Defeasible Freehold Estates Practice
  • Activity 4.3: Future Interests Practice
  • Quiz 4.1: Estates
  • Activity 4.4: End-of-Module Survey
Module 05: Estates in Land and Future Interests (Continued)

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Section 5.D: Rules Furthering Marketability (pp. 344–53, 356–61)
  • Rᴀʏᴍᴏɴᴅ R. Cᴏʟᴇᴛᴛᴀ, Wᴏʀᴋʙᴏᴏᴋ ᴏɴ Esᴛᴀᴛᴇs ᴀɴᴅ Fᴜᴛᴜʀᴇ Iɴᴛᴇʀᴇsᴛs (3rd ed. 2013).
    • Bullet Points (pp. 14–15)
    • Rules Furthering Marketability (pp. 153–294)
    • Review Problems (pp. 295–378)

Lessons

  • Lesson 5.1: Rules Furthering Marketability
  • Lesson 5.2: The Rule Against Perpetuities
  • Lesson 5.3: Class Conveyances

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 5.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Activity 5.2: Estate Midterm Prep Questions
  • Quiz 5.1: Midterm Prep Check-In
  • Activity 5.3: End-of-Module Survey
Module 06: Midterm 1 and Concurrent Ownership

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 6: Concurrent Ownership and Marital Property (pp. 363–86, 416)

Lessons

  • Lesson 6.1: Types of Modern Concurrent Estates
  • Lesson 6.2: Modern Concurrent Estates—James v. Taylor
  • Lesson 6.3: Severance
  • Lesson 6.4: Partition
  • Lesson 6.5: Co-tenant Right and Duties

Assignments and Activities

  • Exam 6.1: Midterm 1 (Estates in Land and Future Interests Only)
  • Activity 6.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Quiz 6.1: Types of Tenancy
  • Activity 6.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 07: Leasing Real Property

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 7: Leasing Real Property (pp. 419–20, 435–55, 464–70)

Lessons

  • Lesson 7.1: Creating a Tenancy
  • Lesson 7.2: Creating a Tenancy—Keydata Corp v. U.S.
  • Lesson 7.3: Condition of the Premises
  • Lesson 7.4: Implied Warranty of Habitability
  • Lesson 7.5: Transferring the Tenant’s Interest

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 7.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Synchronous Session 7.1: Meeting Information
  • Discussion 7.1: Negotiating the Lease
  • Quiz 7.1: Leasing Real Property
  • Activity 7.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 08: Leasing Real Property (Continued)

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Section 7.C: Transferring the Tenant’s Interest (pp. 470–80)
    • Section 7.D: Ending the Tenancy (pp. 487–501, 508–509)

Lessons

  • Lesson 8.1: Abandonment of the Tenancy
  • Lesson 8.2: Security Deposits and Eviction

Assignments and Activities

  • Quiz 8.1: Abandonment of Tenancy
  • Activity 8.1: End-of-Module Survey
Module 09: Midterm 2 and Selling Real Property

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 8: Selling Real Property (pp. 511–50)

Lessons

  • Lesson 9.1: The Purchase Contract—Statute of Frauds
  • Lesson 9.2: The Purchase Contract—Marketable Title
  • Lesson 9.3: The Purchase Contract—Equitable Conversion and Duty to Disclose
  • Lesson 9.4: Agents and Brokers
  • Lesson 9.5: The Closing and the Deed

Assignments and Activities

  • Exam 9.1: Midterm 2 (Covering Everything Except Estates)
  • Activity 9.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Assignment 9.1: Scenario Writing and Analysis—Selling Real Property
  • Quiz 9.1: Marketable Title and Delivery
  • Activity 9.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 10: Selling Real Property (Continued)

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Section 8.C: Title Assurance (pp. 556–69, 577–78, 584–93, 598–600, 605–07)

Lessons

  • Lesson 10.1: Title Covenants
  • Lesson 10.2: Recording Acts

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 10.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Quiz 10.1: Recording Acts
  • Activity 10.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 11: Financing Real Property

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 9: Financing Real Property (pp. 609–19, 623, 630–36, 642–44)

Lessons

  • Lesson 11.1: Creating the Obligation
  • Lesson 11.2: Providing the Security
  • Lesson 11.3: Foreclosing on the Security
  • Lesson 11.4: Borrowers’ Rights Before and After Foreclosure

Assignments and Activities

  • Activity 11.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Synchronous Session 11.1: Meeting Information
  • Quiz 11.1: Foreclosure
  • Activity 11.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 12: Private Land Use Planning

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Chapter 10: Private Land Use Planning (pp. 645–84, 690–92)

Lessons

  • Lesson 12.1: Servitudes
  • Lesson 12.2: Express Easements and Easements Implied by Prior Use
  • Lesson 12.3: Easements Implied by Necessity—Berge v. State of Vermont
  • Lesson 12.4: Prescription and Estoppel
  • Lesson 12.5: Interpreting Easements (Scope)
  • Lesson 12.6: Terminating Easements

Assignments and Activities

  • Assignment 12.1: Scenario Writing and Analysis—Private Land Use
  • Activity 12.1: Hypothetical Scenarios
  • Synchronous Session 12.1: Meeting Information
  • Quiz 12.1: Private Land Use Restrictions
  • Activity 12.2: End-of-Module Survey
Module 13: Private Land Use Planning (Continued)

Readings

  • Jᴏʜɴ G. Sᴘʀᴀɴᴋʟɪɴɢ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Pʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛʏ: A Cᴏɴᴛᴇᴍᴘᴏʀᴀʀʏ Aᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ (6th ed. 2024).
    • Section 10.B: Land Use Restrictions (pp. 693–714, 739–40)

Lessons

  • Lesson 13.1: Real Covenants and Equitable Servitudes
  • Lesson 13.2: Real Covenants—Deep Water Brewing, LLC v. Fairway Resources Ltd.
  • Lesson 13.3: Equitable Servitudes—Gambrell v. Nivens
  • Lesson 13.4: Discriminatory Covenants

Assignments and Activities

  • Synchronous Session 13.1: Meeting Information
  • Assignment 13.1: Covenant Enforcement
  • Quiz 13.1: More Private Land Use Restrictions
  • Activity 13.1: End-of-Module Survey
Module 14: Review

Readings

  • None

Lessons

  • None

Assignments and Activities

  • None

The instructor will provide study materials through an announcement.

Module 15: Final Exam

Readings

  • None

Lessons

  • None

Assignments and Activities

  • Exam 15.1: Final Exam

Policy on Course Changes

This syllabus and schedule are subject to modifications for unforeseen circumstances. Any changes will be announced in class, and/or an announcement in the LMS, and/or distributed as a group email. Students are expected to read their email and the announcements in a timely manner.